| Barakat syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| OMIM | 146255 |
Barakat syndrome, also known as HDR syndrome, was first described by Amin J. Barakat et al. in 1977.[1]
The frequency is unknown, but the disease is considered to be very rare.
Contents |
It is a genetic developmental disorder[2] with clinical diversity characterized by hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness and renal disease. Patients usually present with hypocalcaemia, tetany, or afebrile convulsions at any age. Hearing loss is usually bilateral and may range from mild to profound impairment. Renal disease includes nephrotic syndrome, cystic kidney, renal dysplasia, hypoplasia or aplasia, pevicalyceal deformity, vesicoureteral reflux, chronic kidney disease, hematuria, proteinuria and renal scarring.
The defect in the majority of cases has mapped to chromosome 10p (Gene Map Locus: 10pter-p13 or 10p14-p15.1). Haploinsufficiency (deletions) of zinc-finger transcription factor GATA3 or mutations in the GATA3 gene[3] appear to be the underlying cause of this syndrome. Since the spectrum of phenotypic variation in affected patients is quite large, Barakat (HDR) syndrome probably arises as a low penetrance haploinsufficient disorder in which the patients' genetic background plays a major role in the severity of the disease.
Inheritance is probably autosomal dominant.
A thorough diagnosis should be performed on every affected individual, and siblings should be studied for deafness, parathyroid and renal disease. The syndrome should be considered in infants who have been diagnosed prenatally with a chromosome 10p defect, and those who have been diagnosed with well defined phenotypes of urinary tract abnormalities. Management consists of treating the clinical abnormalities at the time of presentation. Prognosis depends on the severity of the kidney disease.